Whenever i came across Charette, I was puzzled, what is Charette. After I did intensive search in google, finally i found that
The term “charette” evolved from a pre-1900 exercise at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in France. Architectural students were given a design problem to solve within an allotted time. When that time was up, the students would rush their drawings from the studio to the Ecole in a cart called a charrette. Students often jumped in the cart to finish drawings on the way. The term evolved to refer to the intense design exercise itself. Today it refers to a creative process akin to visual brainstorming that is used by design professionals to develop solutions to a design problem within a limited timeframe.
Sunday, March 21, 2010
Saturday, September 26, 2009
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
Type of climate in India
Primarily the climate of India is classified into six types
1. Hot and dry
2. Composite
3. hot and humid
4. Warm and humid
6. Temperate
5 .cold
According to me, Indian climate can be classified into
1. Hot and dry
2. Hot and arid
3. hot and humid
4. composite
5. Warm and humid
6. Temperate
7. cold and cloudy
8. cold and sunny
1. Hot and dry
2. Composite
3. hot and humid
4. Warm and humid
6. Temperate
5 .cold
According to me, Indian climate can be classified into
1. Hot and dry
2. Hot and arid
3. hot and humid
4. composite
5. Warm and humid
6. Temperate
7. cold and cloudy
8. cold and sunny
Tuesday, January 27, 2009
Evaluation procedure of criterion of GRIHA, an Indian rating system
List of criteria | Points | Remarks |
| Criteria 1: Site Selection | 1 | Partly mandatory |
| Criteria 2: Preserve and protect landscape during construction /compensatory depository forestation. | 5 | Partly mandatory |
| Criteria 3: Soil conservation (post construction) | 4 | |
| Criteria 4: Design to include existing site features | 2 | Mandatory |
| Criteria 5: Reduce hard paving on site | 2 | Partly mandatory |
| Criteria 6: Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency | 3 | |
| Criteria 7: Plan utilities efficiently and optimize on site circulation efficiency | 3 | |
| Criteria 8: Provide, at least, minimum level of sanitation/safety facilities for construction workers | 2 | Mandatory |
| Criteria 9: Reduce air pollution during construction | 2 | Mandatory |
| Criteria 10: Reduce landscape water requirement | 3 | |
| Criteria 11: Reduce building water use | 2 | |
| Criteria 12: Efficient water use during construction | 1 | |
| Criteria 13: Optimize building design to reduce conventional energy demand | 6 | Mandatory |
| Criteria 14: Optimize energy performance of building within specified comfort | 12 | |
| Criteria 15: Utilization of flyash in building structure | 6 | |
| Criteria 16: Reduce volume, weight and time of construction by adopting efficient technology (e.g. pre-cast systems, ready-mix concrete, etc.) | 4 | |
| Criteria 17: Use low-energy material in interiors | 4 | |
| Criteria 18: Renewable energy utilization | 5 | |
| Criteria 19: Renewable energy based hot-water system | 3 | |
| Criteria 20: Waste water treatment | 2 | |
| Criteria 21: Water recycle and reuse (including rainwater) | 5 | |
| Criteria 22: Reduction in waste during construction | 2 | |
| Criteria 23: Efficient waste segregation | 2 | |
| Criteria 24: Storage and disposal of waste | 2 | |
| Criteria 25: Resource recovery from waste | 2 | |
| Criteria 26: Use of low - VOC paints/ adhesives/ sealants. | 4 | |
| Criteria 27: Minimize ozone depleting substances | 3 | Mandatory |
| Criteria 28: Ensure water quality | 2 | Mandatory |
| Criteria 29: Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise levels | 2 | |
| Criteria 30: Tobacco and smoke control | 1 | |
| Criteria 31: Universal Accessibility | 1 | |
| Criteria 32: Energy audit and validation | Mandatory | |
| Criteria 33: Operations and maintenance protocol for electrical and mechanical equipment | 2 | Mandatory |
| Total score | 100 | |
| Criteria 34: Innovation (Beyond 100) | 4 | |
| Total score | 104 |
GRIHA objective and its criteria
Green building rating will evaluate the environmental performance of a building holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a ‘green building’. The rating system , based on accepted energy and environmental principles, will seek to strike a balance between the established practices and emerging concepts, both national and international. The guidelines/criteria appraisal may be revised every three years to take into account the latest scientific developments during this period.
On a broader scale, this system, along with the activities and processes that lead up to it, will benefit the community at large with the improvement in the environment by reducing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, improving energy security, and reducing the stress on natural resources.
Some of the benefits of a green design to a building owner, user, and the society as a whole are as follows:
Currently the system has been developed to help ‘design and evaluate’ new buildings (buildings that are still at the inception stages). A building is assessed based on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle – inception through operation. The stages of the life cycle that have been identified for evaluation are the pre-construction, building design and construction, and building operation and maintenance stages. The issues that get addressed in these stages are as follows.
The criteria have been categorized as follows.
Site Selection and Site planning
Conservation and efficient utilization of resource
Objective – To maximize the conservation and utilisation of resources (land, water, natural habitat, avi fauna, and energy) conservation and enhance efficiency of the systems and operations.
Commitment Proper timing of construction, preserve top soil and existing vegetation, staging and spill prevention and erosion and sedimentation control. Replant, on-site, trees in the ratio 1:3 to those removed during construction.
Commitment Proper top soil laying and stabilization of the soil and maintenance of adequate fertility of the soil to support vegetative growth.
Commitment Minimize the disruption of natural ecosystem and design to harness maximum benefits of the prevailing micro-climate.
Commitment Minimize storm water run-off from site by reducing hard paving on- site.
Commitment Meet minimum allowable luminous efficacy (as per lamp type) and make progressive use of a renewable energy- based lighting system.
Commitment Minimize road and pedestrian walkway length by appropriate planning and provide aggregate corridors for utility lines.
Health and well being
Objective –To protect the health of construction workers and prevent pollution.
Commitment Ensure cleanliness of workplace with regard to the disposal of waste and effluent, provide clean drinking water and latrines and urinals as per applicable standard.
Commitment Ensure proper screening, covering stockpiles, covering bricks and loads of dusty materials, wheel-washing facility, and water spraying.
Building planning and construction stage
Conservation and efficient utilization of resources
Objective – To maximize resource (water, energy, and materials) conservation and enhance efficiency of the system and operations.
Water
Commitment Landscape using native species and reduce lawn areas while enhancing the irrigation efficiency, reduction in water requirement for landscaping purposes.
Commitment Reduce building water use by applying low-flow fixtures, etc.
Commitment Use materials such as pre-mixed concrete for preventing loss during mixing. Use recycled treated water and control the waste of curing water.
Energy: end use
Commitment Plan appropriately to reflect climate responsiveness, adopt an adequate comfort range, less air-conditioned areas, daylighting, avoid over-design of the lighting and air-conditioning systems.
Commitment Ensure that energy consumption in building under a specified category is 10%–40% less than that benchmarked through a simulation exercise.
Energy: embodied and construction
Commitment Use of fly ash for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) structures with in-fill walls and load bearing structures, mortar, and binders.
Commitment Replace a part of the energy-intensive materials with less energy-intensive materials and/or utilize regionally available materials, which use low-energy/energy-efficient technologies.
Commitment Minimum 70% in each of the three categories of interiors (internal partitions, panelling/false ceiling/interior wood finishes/ in-built furniture door/window frames, flooring) from low-energy materials/finishes to minimize the usage of wood.
Energy: renewable
Commitment Meet energy requirements for a minimum of 10% of the internal lighting load (for general lighting) or its equivalent from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells, etc). Energy requirements will be calculated based on realistic assumptions which will be subject to verification during appraisal.
Commitment Meet 70% or more of the annual energy required for heating water through renewable energy based water-heating systems.
Recycle, recharge, and reuse of water
Objective– To promote the recycle and reuse of water.
Commitment Provide necessary treatment of water for achieving the desired concentration of effluents.
Commitment Provide wastewater treatment on-site for achieving prescribed concentration, rainwater harvesting, reuse of treated waste water and rainwater for meeting the building’s water and irrigation demand.
Waste management
Objective –To minimize waste generation, streamline waste segregation, storage, and disposal, and promote resource recovery from waste.
Commitment Ensure maximum resource recovery and safe disposal of wastes generated during construction and reduce the burden on landfill.
Commitment Use different coloured bins for collecting different categories of waste from the building.
Commitment Allocate separate space for the collected waste before transferring it to the recycling/disposal stations.
Commitment Employ resource recovery systems for biodegradable waste as per the Solid Waste Management and handling Rules, 2000 of the MoEF. Make arrangements for recycling of waste through local dealers.
Health and well-being
Objective –To ensure healthy indoor air quality, water quality, and noise levels, and reduce the global warming potential.
Commitment Use only low VOC paints in the interior of the building. Use water –based rather than solvent based sealants and adhesives.
Commitment Employ 100% zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) insulation; HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon)/ and CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) free HVAC and refrigeration equipments and/Halon-free fire suppression and fire extinguishing systems.
Commitment Ensure groundwater and municipal water meet the water quality norms as prescribed in the Indian Standards for various applications (Indian Standards for drinking [IS 10500-1991], irrigation applications [IS 11624-1986]. In case the water quality cannot be ensured, provide necessary treatment of raw water for achieving the desired concentration for various applications.
Commitment Ensure outdoor noise level conforms to the Central Pollution Control Board–Environmental Standards–Noise (ambient standards) and indoor noise level conforms to the National Building Code of India, 2005, Bureau of Indian Standards, Part 8–Building Services; Section 4–Acoustics, sound insulation, and noise control.
Commitment Zero exposure to tobacco smoke for non-smokers and exclusive ventilation for smoking rooms.
Commitment To ensure accessibility and usability of the building and its facilities by employees, visitors, and clients with disabilities.
Building operation and maintenance
Objective – Validate and maintain ‘green’ performance levels/adopt and propagate green practices and concepts.
Commitment Energy audit report to be prepared by approved auditors of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Government of India.
Commitment Validate and maintain 'green' performance levels/adopt and propogate green practices and concepts. Ensure the inclusion of a specific clause in the contract document for the commissioning of all electrical and mechanical systems to be maintained by the owner, supplier, or operator. Provide a core facility/service management group, if applicable, which will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of the building and the electrical and mechanical systems after the commissioning. Owner/builder/occupants/service or facility management group to prepare a fully documented operations and maintenance manual, CD, multimedia or an information brochure listing the best practices/do’s and don’ts/maintenance requirements for the building and the electrical and mechanical systems along with the names and addresses of the manufacturers/suppliers of the respective system.
Commitment Four innovvation points are available under the rating system for adopting criteria which enhance the green intent of a project, and the applicant can apply for the bonus points. Some of the probable points, not restricted to the ones enumerated below, could be
1. Alternative transportation
2. Environmental education
3. Company policy on green supply chain
4. Lifecycle cost analysis
5. Enhanced accessibility for physically/mentally challenged.
6. Any other criteria proposed by the client
Scoring points for TERI–GRIHA
TERI–GRIHA is a guiding and performance-oriented system where points are earned for meeting the design and performance intent of the criteria. Each criterion has a number of points assigned to it. It means that a project intending to meet the criterion would qualify for the points. Compliances, as specified in the relevant criterion, have to be submitted in the prescribed format. While the intent of some of the criteria is self-validating in nature, there are others for example : energy consumption, thermal and visual comfort, noise control criteria, and indoor pollution levels which need to be validated on-site through performance monitoring. The points related to these criteria (specified under the relevant sections) are awarded provisionally while certifying and are converted to firm points through monitoring, validation, and documents/photographs to support the award of point.
TERI-GRIHA has a 100 point system consisting of some core points, which are mandatory to be met while the rest are optional points, which can be earned by complying with the commitment of the criterion for which the point is allocated. Different levels of certification (one star to five star) are awarded based on the number of points earned. The minimum points required for certification is 50. Buildings scoring 50 to 60 points, 61 to 70 points, 71 to 80 points, and 81 to 90 points will get one star, ‘two stars’, ‘three stars’ and ‘four stasr’ respectively. A building scoring 91 to 100 points will get the maximum rating viz. five stars.
| Points scored | Rating |
| 50–60 | One star |
| 61-70 | Two star |
| 71-80 | Three star |
| 81-90 | Four star |
| 91-100 | Five star |
Sources :
http://www.teriin.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=32Tuesday, September 30, 2008
GRIHA - An Indian Green Building Rating System
GRIHA- the green building rating system
Internationally, voluntary building rating systems have been instrumental in raising awareness and popularizing green design. However, most of the internationally devised rating systems have been tailored to suit the building industry of the country where they were developed. In India a US based LEED rating system is under promotion by CII Green Business Centre, Hyderabad, which is more on energy efficiency measures in AC buildings. Keeping in view of the Indian agro-climatic conditions and in particular the preponderance of non-AC buildings, a National Rating System - GRIHA has been developed which is suitable for all kinds of building in different climatic zones of the country. The system was initially conceived and developed by TERI (The Energy & Resource Institute) as TERI-GRIHA, which has been modified to GRIHA as National Rating System after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. It takes into account the provisions of the National Building Code 2005, the Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 announced by BEE and other IS codes, local bye-laws, other local standards and laws. The system, by its qualitative and quantitative assessment criteria, would be able to ‘rate’ a building on the degree of its ‘greenness’. The rating would be applied to new and existing building stock of varied functions – commercial, institutional, and residential.
Sources:
www.mnes.nic.in/press-releases/press-release-06082008.pdf
www.teriin.org
Internationally, voluntary building rating systems have been instrumental in raising awareness and popularizing green design. However, most of the internationally devised rating systems have been tailored to suit the building industry of the country where they were developed. In India a US based LEED rating system is under promotion by CII Green Business Centre, Hyderabad, which is more on energy efficiency measures in AC buildings. Keeping in view of the Indian agro-climatic conditions and in particular the preponderance of non-AC buildings, a National Rating System - GRIHA has been developed which is suitable for all kinds of building in different climatic zones of the country. The system was initially conceived and developed by TERI (The Energy & Resource Institute) as TERI-GRIHA, which has been modified to GRIHA as National Rating System after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. It takes into account the provisions of the National Building Code 2005, the Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 announced by BEE and other IS codes, local bye-laws, other local standards and laws. The system, by its qualitative and quantitative assessment criteria, would be able to ‘rate’ a building on the degree of its ‘greenness’. The rating would be applied to new and existing building stock of varied functions – commercial, institutional, and residential.
Sources:
www.mnes.nic.in/press-releases/press-release-06082008.pdf
www.teriin.org
Saturday, May 10, 2008
Tips on Energy Conservation / Money Savings:
Tips on Energy Conservation / Money Savings:
With ever rising cost of energy & electricity, the only way to control our energy bill is to start conserving energy by all possible means. Here are some tips on Energy Conservation & money savings
1. (a) Lights, fans & other electrical appliances
' Make maximum use of sunlight during the day.
' Turn off lights / fans and other electrical appliances when not required.
' Switch over to BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) labeled energy efficient fluorescent tube lights, etc. which will be shortly available in the market.
' Ninety percent of the energy absorbed by an ordinary incandescent bulb is given off as heat rather than as light
' Clean the dust accumulated on lamps since dirty tube lights can absorb 50% of the light
' Provide low wattage task lighting over desks for reading which focuses light where its needed and avoids illuminating the entire room
' Use Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) in fixtures that are on for more than two hours in a day. A 15 watt CFL produces the amount of light as a 60 watt incandescent bulb.
' Install photoelectric controls or timers to make sure that outdoor lighting is turned off during the day.
' Switch off appliances such as TV, computer, tape recorder, music system, etc. when not in use to save electricity instead of keeping in standby mode.
' Opt for light colored walls & ceiling which reflect light better and hence need less wattage lamps.
' Use ISI marked electrical appliances and equipments and energy efficient motors.
(b) Refrigerator
' Switch over to BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) labeled energy efficient frost free refrigerators which will be shortly available in the market.
' Defrost and clean the inside of the refrigerator and freezer periodically
' Make sure that the refrigerator is not placed against the walls which are exposed to the direct sunlight.
' Keep the refrigerator and freezer at the right temperature. Even if they are only 2-3 degrees colder than necessary, the energy consumption may go up by approximately 25 %.
' Always keep clean the heat transfer area of the fridge.
' Make sure the door is sealed tightly. To verify the tightness place a bit of paper in-between the fridge and the door and close it. Now try to pull out the paper. If the paper comes out without much effort it means that the door is not closing tightly and the beading needs to be replaced.
' Do not put uncovered liquids in the refrigerator. The liquids give off vapors that add to the compressor workload.
' Allow hot food to cool off before putting it in the refrigerator.
' Do not open the door of the refrigerator frequently. Plan ahead and remove all ingredients for each meal at one time.
(c) Ovens / Microwave Ovens
' Test the thermostat in the oven to be sure it measures temperatures accurately.
' Check the seal on the oven door to see if there are cracks or tears in it
' Develop the habit of "lids-on" cooking to permit lower temperature settings.
' Microwave Ovens use around 50% less energy than conventional ovens: they are most efficient for small portions or defrosting. For large items, stove-top cooking is most efficient, especially with gas.
' Keep reflector pans beneath stovetop heating elements bright and clean.
' Carefully measure water used for cooking to avoid having to heat more than is needed.
' Cook as much of the meal in the oven at one time as possible. Every time the oven door is opened, 4° - 5° C is lost.
' Whenever preheating is required, do it for the minimum required time
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(d) Washing Machines
' Follow detergent instructions carefully. Adding too much detergent actually hampers effective washing action and may require more energy in the form of extra rinses.
' Wash only full loads of clothing- but do not overload machine.
' Soak or pre-wash the cloths for effective cleaning.
' If there is an option of hot wash or cold wash, as far as possible choose cold wash, since in hot wash around 90 % of the energy is consumed by washing machines to heat the water.
(e) Air Conditioner
' Check air gaps around windows every 6 month and seal it properly.
' An air conditioner exposed to direct sunlight uses approximately 5 percent more energy than a shaded one.
' Don't block the air flow at the back of the Air Conditioner.
' Minimize the amount of direct heat entering your home by pulling shades and curtains on hot days.
' Have the air conditioning unit checked every 6 months. Incorrect level of Freon would result in waste of energy.
' Use automatic door closer for all air-conditioned rooms.
' Set the thermostat to as high as comfort permits, may be a few degrees higher. You can use combination of AC with ceiling fan. Fans produce air currents that carry heat away from the skin, so even air conditioned rooms feel cooler when fan is running.
' Close cooling vents in unused rooms and keep doors to unused rooms closed.
' Check and clean air filters every month and replace it as and when required.
' Clean the outside condenser coil once a year.
(f) Computers:
' Setting computers, monitors and copiers to use sleep mode helps cut down energy cost by 40%.
' Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups and shutdowns do not use any extra energy, nor are they hard on the computer components. In fact, shutting down computer when finished using them actually reduces system wear and saves energy.
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2. Energy conservation in farms
' Provide shunt capacitors at terminals of your three-phase motor to help reduce current and ensure longer life to your pumpset.
' Use rigid PVC pipes to get more discharge.
' Avoid sharp bends and too many joints in the suction and delivery lines.
' Use frictionless foot valves.
' Lubricate pump sets at regular intervals.
' Choose suitable crop mix so that at least one crop in a year is grown with least water consumption.
3. Energy conservation in Street Lights:
Normally a tube light of 40W rating with a choke of 20W are being utilized for street lights with a total power of 60W. Alternately the use CFL bulbs of 18W rating which has an equivalent luminosity would lead to a power saving to the extent of 70% ie. 42W. Also the life of the CFL bulbs are much longer than that of the tube lights with a cumulative savings on life and as well as the energy consumption for the entire life.
The experience of such a reported transition from tube light to CFL in Thiruvallur District is as follows:
' 340 Nos of tube lights originally deployed were replaced with 18 W CFL lamps
' Consequent to the switching over to 18 W CFL lamps the annual savings in the cost of energy reported to have been generated is to the tune of Rs.2,13,000/- (~ 626*340)
' This is based on the Savings derived from a single street light which is as follows:
Parameter
40W Tube Light with a 20 W choke
18 W Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Savings
Annual Consumption in units (with an average of 12 hours per day for 365 days)
60*12*365= 263
18*12*365 =79
184
Cost of Annual consumption @ Rs.3.40 per unit
894.00
269.00
626.00
Life Period in hours
2500
6000
3500
The pay back period of investment is about one year leaving behind a savings thereafter till the end of life period.
' The savings that can be materialized on transition to CFL for the entire State would cross several Crores.
' Alternately, yet another means to conserve energy that is gaining attention is the Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) devices. SPV can be used for meeting the needs of home lighting, office lighting and street lighting.
2. Energy conservation in Industries:
' Auditing of Energy Consumption (including any heat and power generated)
' General examination of work place (including physical condition of organisation, its processes, occupancy time, and variations in ambient temperature and energy consumption pattern etc.)
' Measurement of all energy flows (including testing of boiler or steam raising, heating equipment, refrigeration, etc.)
' Analysis and appraisal of energy requirements and actual usage.(e.g. specific fuel consumption, energy-product interrelationship).
' Energy management procedures and methodology.
' Identification of energy improvement opportunities and recommendations for energy efficiency measures and quantification of implementation costs and paybacks.
' Identification of possible usages of co-generation, renewable sources of energy and recommendations for implementation, wherever possible, with cost benefit analysis.
' Provide shunt capacitors at terminals of your three-phase motor to help reduce current and ensure longer life to your pump set.
A systematic approach, to monitor industrial energy consumption and to pin-point sources of wastage, is known as Energy Audit. In the present energy scenario and in the era of industrial competition, Energy Auditing has become a very important part of any industrial activity to cut cost.
An energy audit is thus called for to identify power intensive areas, call attention to wastages, point areas in which saving can be accomplished, and provide a benchmark against which performance of projects can be compared.
An Energy Audit Study helps an organisation to understand and analyse its energy utilisation and identify areas where energy use can be reduced, decide on how to budget energy use, plan & practice feasible energy conservation methods that will enhance their energy efficiency, curtail energy wastage and substantially reduce energy costs.
The Energy Audit serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility, qualify energy usage with its discrete functions, in an attempt to balance the total energy input with its use. Energy Audit is thus the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of Energy Management. As a result, the Energy Audit Study becomes an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive Energy Management Programme (EMP).
Elements of an Energy Audit
* Establishment of a baseline: Historical review of energy related records to establish a baseline against which progress can be measured (examination of past record).
* Identifying areas for savings/wastages: Preplanning walk-through of the plant to identify obvious sources of energy waste, such as leaks and uninsulated equipment.
* Data collection and clarity on data and use: Detailed definition of data requirements (audit must be based on actual operating data, not hypothetical). The auditor must approach this problem with several questions in mind.
* Mass and energy balance: Computation of mass and energy flow and estimation of energy losses.
* Energy conservation opportunities (ECOs): Enumeration of ECOs.
* Energy saving potential: Estimation of energy saving potential for each ECO.
* Feasibility: Determination of cost and profitability potential for implementation of ECOs.
* Prioritized recommendation: Establishment of priority recommendation for ECO implementation.
* Monitoring: Establishment of continuous monitoring effort for major energy using system.
4. Energy conservation in Commercial Buildings and Industries:
The following energy conservation measures shall be installed in a commercial building, where applicable:
A. Heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC):
1. All thermostats shall be functioning. All non-functioning thermostats shall be repaired or replaced.
2. Time clock controls that can turn systems off and on according to building occupancy requirements shall be present and connected to the following HVAC devices: chillers and other space cooling devices, chilled water pumps, boilers and other space heating devices, hot water pumps, heat exchanger circulation pumps, supply fans, return fans, and exhaust fans.
3. Accessible air supply and return ducts shall have no leaks. Any leaks shall be sealed with appropriate sealants
4. Outside air dampers, damper controls and linkages which are controlled by HVAC units shall be in good repair and adjustment.
5. All accessible heating and cooling air ducts and plenums, in mechanical rooms, around air handling units, and in other non-conditioned space, meaning space not served by heating or cooling equipment, shall be properly insulated.
6. All accessible hot water, steam, steam condensate return, and chilled water piping, including that above suspended ceilings, shall be properly insulated
7. Furnace combustion units shall have been cleaned and tuned. Filters shall be replaced in accordance with the furnace manufacturer's recommendations. For electric heat, in existing apartment buildings, when central heat is intended to be replaced with individual electric space heaters, the application for the electrical permit shall include documentation which demonstrates, using an approved method, that the new electric heaters will not consume more energy than the existing nonelectric heater(s).
8. Boiler systems shall have been cleaned and tuned.
9. Reset control for boilers.
10. There shall be no hot water and steam leaks, or defective steam traps or radiator control, relief, and vent valves in any accessible piping.
11. Chiller systems shall have been cleaned and tuned.
12. There shall be no leaks in any accessible chilled water lines and equipment.
13. Chillers shall be equipped with an outdoor air lockout thermostat and a chilled water reset control.
B. Service water systems:
1. The temperature of the supply of hot water for domestic or commercial purposes other than comfort heating shall be set and maintained to provide water at no higher than one hundred ten degrees Fahrenheit at point of use.
2. Water heater and storage tank and piping shall be properly insulated
3. The system of circulating pumps for hot water supply for domestic or commercial purposes other than comfort heating shall be under time clock control.
C. Lighting:
1. Reduce interior lighting load.
2. Standard incandescent and halogen lighting shall be replaced with fluorescent lighting or light-bulbs.
2. Reduce exterior lighting load. Outside lights, exit signs, and lights in parking garages that are in use an average of two or more hours per day shall not use incandescent bulbs.
3. Exterior lighting shall have automatic controls to turn off lighting during daylight hours.
D. Commercial refrigeration equipment:
1. Commercial refrigeration equipment shall have been cleaned and tuned for efficiency, including, but not limited to, cleaning of condensor coils and evaporators, and replacement of defective or worn door gaskets and seals.
2. Thermal doors and curtains.
a. Doors and strip curtains. Low and medium temperature commercial refrigeration cases shall be equipped with doors, strip curtains, or similar devices.
b. Compressor systems. The compressor system shall be modified, as appropriate, to compensate for the reduced cooling load resulting from the installation of doors and strip curtains.
E. Motor-driven equipment:
1. Repair of air and water line leaks.
2. There shall be no leaks in compressed air and in-pumped water systems.
3. Filters shall be cleaned or replaced.
4. Belts or other coupling systems shall be in good repair.
F. Swimming pools and spas:
1. Pool and spa recirculation pumps shall be under time clock control.
2. Heaters shall be cleaned and tuned.
Sources
http://tnerc.tn.nic.in/download/safety.htm
With ever rising cost of energy & electricity, the only way to control our energy bill is to start conserving energy by all possible means. Here are some tips on Energy Conservation & money savings
1. (a) Lights, fans & other electrical appliances
' Make maximum use of sunlight during the day.
' Turn off lights / fans and other electrical appliances when not required.
' Switch over to BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) labeled energy efficient fluorescent tube lights, etc. which will be shortly available in the market.
' Ninety percent of the energy absorbed by an ordinary incandescent bulb is given off as heat rather than as light
' Clean the dust accumulated on lamps since dirty tube lights can absorb 50% of the light
' Provide low wattage task lighting over desks for reading which focuses light where its needed and avoids illuminating the entire room
' Use Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) in fixtures that are on for more than two hours in a day. A 15 watt CFL produces the amount of light as a 60 watt incandescent bulb.
' Install photoelectric controls or timers to make sure that outdoor lighting is turned off during the day.
' Switch off appliances such as TV, computer, tape recorder, music system, etc. when not in use to save electricity instead of keeping in standby mode.
' Opt for light colored walls & ceiling which reflect light better and hence need less wattage lamps.
' Use ISI marked electrical appliances and equipments and energy efficient motors.
(b) Refrigerator
' Switch over to BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) labeled energy efficient frost free refrigerators which will be shortly available in the market.
' Defrost and clean the inside of the refrigerator and freezer periodically
' Make sure that the refrigerator is not placed against the walls which are exposed to the direct sunlight.
' Keep the refrigerator and freezer at the right temperature. Even if they are only 2-3 degrees colder than necessary, the energy consumption may go up by approximately 25 %.
' Always keep clean the heat transfer area of the fridge.
' Make sure the door is sealed tightly. To verify the tightness place a bit of paper in-between the fridge and the door and close it. Now try to pull out the paper. If the paper comes out without much effort it means that the door is not closing tightly and the beading needs to be replaced.
' Do not put uncovered liquids in the refrigerator. The liquids give off vapors that add to the compressor workload.
' Allow hot food to cool off before putting it in the refrigerator.
' Do not open the door of the refrigerator frequently. Plan ahead and remove all ingredients for each meal at one time.
(c) Ovens / Microwave Ovens
' Test the thermostat in the oven to be sure it measures temperatures accurately.
' Check the seal on the oven door to see if there are cracks or tears in it
' Develop the habit of "lids-on" cooking to permit lower temperature settings.
' Microwave Ovens use around 50% less energy than conventional ovens: they are most efficient for small portions or defrosting. For large items, stove-top cooking is most efficient, especially with gas.
' Keep reflector pans beneath stovetop heating elements bright and clean.
' Carefully measure water used for cooking to avoid having to heat more than is needed.
' Cook as much of the meal in the oven at one time as possible. Every time the oven door is opened, 4° - 5° C is lost.
' Whenever preheating is required, do it for the minimum required time
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(d) Washing Machines
' Follow detergent instructions carefully. Adding too much detergent actually hampers effective washing action and may require more energy in the form of extra rinses.
' Wash only full loads of clothing- but do not overload machine.
' Soak or pre-wash the cloths for effective cleaning.
' If there is an option of hot wash or cold wash, as far as possible choose cold wash, since in hot wash around 90 % of the energy is consumed by washing machines to heat the water.
(e) Air Conditioner
' Check air gaps around windows every 6 month and seal it properly.
' An air conditioner exposed to direct sunlight uses approximately 5 percent more energy than a shaded one.
' Don't block the air flow at the back of the Air Conditioner.
' Minimize the amount of direct heat entering your home by pulling shades and curtains on hot days.
' Have the air conditioning unit checked every 6 months. Incorrect level of Freon would result in waste of energy.
' Use automatic door closer for all air-conditioned rooms.
' Set the thermostat to as high as comfort permits, may be a few degrees higher. You can use combination of AC with ceiling fan. Fans produce air currents that carry heat away from the skin, so even air conditioned rooms feel cooler when fan is running.
' Close cooling vents in unused rooms and keep doors to unused rooms closed.
' Check and clean air filters every month and replace it as and when required.
' Clean the outside condenser coil once a year.
(f) Computers:
' Setting computers, monitors and copiers to use sleep mode helps cut down energy cost by 40%.
' Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups and shutdowns do not use any extra energy, nor are they hard on the computer components. In fact, shutting down computer when finished using them actually reduces system wear and saves energy.
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2. Energy conservation in farms
' Provide shunt capacitors at terminals of your three-phase motor to help reduce current and ensure longer life to your pumpset.
' Use rigid PVC pipes to get more discharge.
' Avoid sharp bends and too many joints in the suction and delivery lines.
' Use frictionless foot valves.
' Lubricate pump sets at regular intervals.
' Choose suitable crop mix so that at least one crop in a year is grown with least water consumption.
3. Energy conservation in Street Lights:
Normally a tube light of 40W rating with a choke of 20W are being utilized for street lights with a total power of 60W. Alternately the use CFL bulbs of 18W rating which has an equivalent luminosity would lead to a power saving to the extent of 70% ie. 42W. Also the life of the CFL bulbs are much longer than that of the tube lights with a cumulative savings on life and as well as the energy consumption for the entire life.
The experience of such a reported transition from tube light to CFL in Thiruvallur District is as follows:
' 340 Nos of tube lights originally deployed were replaced with 18 W CFL lamps
' Consequent to the switching over to 18 W CFL lamps the annual savings in the cost of energy reported to have been generated is to the tune of Rs.2,13,000/- (~ 626*340)
' This is based on the Savings derived from a single street light which is as follows:
Parameter
40W Tube Light with a 20 W choke
18 W Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Savings
Annual Consumption in units (with an average of 12 hours per day for 365 days)
60*12*365= 263
18*12*365 =79
184
Cost of Annual consumption @ Rs.3.40 per unit
894.00
269.00
626.00
Life Period in hours
2500
6000
3500
The pay back period of investment is about one year leaving behind a savings thereafter till the end of life period.
' The savings that can be materialized on transition to CFL for the entire State would cross several Crores.
' Alternately, yet another means to conserve energy that is gaining attention is the Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) devices. SPV can be used for meeting the needs of home lighting, office lighting and street lighting.
2. Energy conservation in Industries:
' Auditing of Energy Consumption (including any heat and power generated)
' General examination of work place (including physical condition of organisation, its processes, occupancy time, and variations in ambient temperature and energy consumption pattern etc.)
' Measurement of all energy flows (including testing of boiler or steam raising, heating equipment, refrigeration, etc.)
' Analysis and appraisal of energy requirements and actual usage.(e.g. specific fuel consumption, energy-product interrelationship).
' Energy management procedures and methodology.
' Identification of energy improvement opportunities and recommendations for energy efficiency measures and quantification of implementation costs and paybacks.
' Identification of possible usages of co-generation, renewable sources of energy and recommendations for implementation, wherever possible, with cost benefit analysis.
' Provide shunt capacitors at terminals of your three-phase motor to help reduce current and ensure longer life to your pump set.
A systematic approach, to monitor industrial energy consumption and to pin-point sources of wastage, is known as Energy Audit. In the present energy scenario and in the era of industrial competition, Energy Auditing has become a very important part of any industrial activity to cut cost.
An energy audit is thus called for to identify power intensive areas, call attention to wastages, point areas in which saving can be accomplished, and provide a benchmark against which performance of projects can be compared.
An Energy Audit Study helps an organisation to understand and analyse its energy utilisation and identify areas where energy use can be reduced, decide on how to budget energy use, plan & practice feasible energy conservation methods that will enhance their energy efficiency, curtail energy wastage and substantially reduce energy costs.
The Energy Audit serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility, qualify energy usage with its discrete functions, in an attempt to balance the total energy input with its use. Energy Audit is thus the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of Energy Management. As a result, the Energy Audit Study becomes an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive Energy Management Programme (EMP).
Elements of an Energy Audit
* Establishment of a baseline: Historical review of energy related records to establish a baseline against which progress can be measured (examination of past record).
* Identifying areas for savings/wastages: Preplanning walk-through of the plant to identify obvious sources of energy waste, such as leaks and uninsulated equipment.
* Data collection and clarity on data and use: Detailed definition of data requirements (audit must be based on actual operating data, not hypothetical). The auditor must approach this problem with several questions in mind.
* Mass and energy balance: Computation of mass and energy flow and estimation of energy losses.
* Energy conservation opportunities (ECOs): Enumeration of ECOs.
* Energy saving potential: Estimation of energy saving potential for each ECO.
* Feasibility: Determination of cost and profitability potential for implementation of ECOs.
* Prioritized recommendation: Establishment of priority recommendation for ECO implementation.
* Monitoring: Establishment of continuous monitoring effort for major energy using system.
4. Energy conservation in Commercial Buildings and Industries:
The following energy conservation measures shall be installed in a commercial building, where applicable:
A. Heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC):
1. All thermostats shall be functioning. All non-functioning thermostats shall be repaired or replaced.
2. Time clock controls that can turn systems off and on according to building occupancy requirements shall be present and connected to the following HVAC devices: chillers and other space cooling devices, chilled water pumps, boilers and other space heating devices, hot water pumps, heat exchanger circulation pumps, supply fans, return fans, and exhaust fans.
3. Accessible air supply and return ducts shall have no leaks. Any leaks shall be sealed with appropriate sealants
4. Outside air dampers, damper controls and linkages which are controlled by HVAC units shall be in good repair and adjustment.
5. All accessible heating and cooling air ducts and plenums, in mechanical rooms, around air handling units, and in other non-conditioned space, meaning space not served by heating or cooling equipment, shall be properly insulated.
6. All accessible hot water, steam, steam condensate return, and chilled water piping, including that above suspended ceilings, shall be properly insulated
7. Furnace combustion units shall have been cleaned and tuned. Filters shall be replaced in accordance with the furnace manufacturer's recommendations. For electric heat, in existing apartment buildings, when central heat is intended to be replaced with individual electric space heaters, the application for the electrical permit shall include documentation which demonstrates, using an approved method, that the new electric heaters will not consume more energy than the existing nonelectric heater(s).
8. Boiler systems shall have been cleaned and tuned.
9. Reset control for boilers.
10. There shall be no hot water and steam leaks, or defective steam traps or radiator control, relief, and vent valves in any accessible piping.
11. Chiller systems shall have been cleaned and tuned.
12. There shall be no leaks in any accessible chilled water lines and equipment.
13. Chillers shall be equipped with an outdoor air lockout thermostat and a chilled water reset control.
B. Service water systems:
1. The temperature of the supply of hot water for domestic or commercial purposes other than comfort heating shall be set and maintained to provide water at no higher than one hundred ten degrees Fahrenheit at point of use.
2. Water heater and storage tank and piping shall be properly insulated
3. The system of circulating pumps for hot water supply for domestic or commercial purposes other than comfort heating shall be under time clock control.
C. Lighting:
1. Reduce interior lighting load.
2. Standard incandescent and halogen lighting shall be replaced with fluorescent lighting or light-bulbs.
2. Reduce exterior lighting load. Outside lights, exit signs, and lights in parking garages that are in use an average of two or more hours per day shall not use incandescent bulbs.
3. Exterior lighting shall have automatic controls to turn off lighting during daylight hours.
D. Commercial refrigeration equipment:
1. Commercial refrigeration equipment shall have been cleaned and tuned for efficiency, including, but not limited to, cleaning of condensor coils and evaporators, and replacement of defective or worn door gaskets and seals.
2. Thermal doors and curtains.
a. Doors and strip curtains. Low and medium temperature commercial refrigeration cases shall be equipped with doors, strip curtains, or similar devices.
b. Compressor systems. The compressor system shall be modified, as appropriate, to compensate for the reduced cooling load resulting from the installation of doors and strip curtains.
E. Motor-driven equipment:
1. Repair of air and water line leaks.
2. There shall be no leaks in compressed air and in-pumped water systems.
3. Filters shall be cleaned or replaced.
4. Belts or other coupling systems shall be in good repair.
F. Swimming pools and spas:
1. Pool and spa recirculation pumps shall be under time clock control.
2. Heaters shall be cleaned and tuned.
Sources
http://tnerc.tn.nic.in/download/safety.htm
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